Micromachines as Tools for Nanotechnology

1 Micromachining Tools for Nanosystems.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches.- 1.3 Combining the Two Approaches to Nanosystems.- 1.4 Micro- and Nanomachining.- 1.5 Examples of Micromachined Nanodevices.- 1.6 Organization of the Book.- References.- 2 Microsystems for Single-Molecule Handling and Modification.- 2.1 Stretch-and-Positioning of DNA.- 2.2 Molecular Surgery of DNA.- 2.3 A Microfabricated Probe for Molecular Surgery.- 2.4 Conclusion.- References.- 3 Manipulation of Single DNA Molecules.- 3.1 Manipulation of Giant DNA Molecules.- 3.2 Stretching a Giant DNA Molecule.- 3.3 Mapping Stretched Single DNA Molecules.- 3.4 Cutting Stretched DNA.- 3.5 Recovery of DNA Fragments.- 3.6 Microreactors for DNA Manipulation.- 3.7 Conclusion.- References.- 4 Near-Field Optics in Biology.- 4.1 Breaking the Diffraction Barrier.- 4.2 SNOAM Probe Design.- 4.3 SNOAM Configurations.- 4.4 Feedback Mechanisms for SNOAM.- 4.5 SNOAM in Aqueous Environments.- 4.6 SNOAM System Design.- 4.7 Calibration.- 4.8 Fluorescence Imaging with SNOAM.- 4.9 SNOAM Imaging of Fluorescent Beads.- 4.10 Fluorescence Profiling.- 4.11 SNOAM Imaging of Chromosomes.- 4.12 SNOAM Imaging of Recombinant Bacterial Cells Containing a Green Fluorescent Protein Gene.- 4.13 Imaging of Neurons.- 4.14 Future Development of SNOAM.- 4.15 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Atomic Force Microscopy for Imaging Living Organisms: From DNA to Cell Motion.- 5.1 Principles of Atomic Force Microscopy.- 5.2 Applications in Biology.- 5.3 Other SPM Applications in Biology.- 5.4 Conclusion.- References.- 6 Expanding the Field of Application of Scanning Probe Microscopy.- 6.1 Nanotribology.- 6.2 Control.- 6.3 Fabrication.- 6.4 Characterization.- 6.5 Conclusion.- References.- 7 Micromachined Scanning Tunneling Microscopes and Nanoprobes.- 7.1 Operating Principles and Basic Structure.- 7.2 Micro-STM Design Considerations.- 7.3 Surface Micromachining and Bulk Micromachining.- 7.4 Micro-STM Fabrication Technology.- 7.5 Characterization of the Fabricated Micro-STM.- 7.6 Possible Applications of Micromachine STM Technology.- 7.7 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Nanoscale Characterization of Nanostructures and Nanodevices by Scanning Probe Microscopy.- 8.1 Micromachining Technologies in SPM.- 8.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy for Semiconductors.- 8.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) on Semiconductor Nanostructures.- 8.4 Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM).- 8.5 Nanofabrication Processes Using STM/AFM.- 8.6 Concluding Remarks.- References.