Adrenal Glands

History of Adrenal Surgery.- Surgical Anatomy.- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- The Sympathoadrenal System.- The Value of Adrenal Imaging in Adrenal Surgery.- Cushing's Syndrome.- Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome.- Ectopic Cushing's Syndrome.- Cushing's Syndrome in Children and Adolescents.- Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.- Overview of Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndromes.- Primary Aldosteronism: The Surgical Perspective.- Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma.- Recurrent Adrenocortical Carcinoma.- Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma.- Virilizing and Feminizing Adrenal Tumors.- Pheochromocytoma.- Extra-adrenal and Malignant Pheochromocytoma.- Pheochromocytoma in MEN-2A, MEN-2B, and von Hippel-Lindau Disease.- Benign Paragangliomas.- Neuroblastoma.- Miscellaneous Adrenal Neoplasms (Cysts, Myelolipoma, Hemangioma, Lymphangioma).- Adrenal Incidentalomas.- Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Mass (Incidentaloma or Adrenaloma).- Genetic Syndromes Associated with Adrenal Tumors.- Adrenal Tumors and Pregnancy.- Adrenal-Sparing Surgery.- Anesthesia for Adrenal Surgery.- Open Left Anterior Adrenalectomy.- Open Right Anterior Adrenalectomy.- Open Posterior Adrenalectomy.- Right Anterior Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy.- Left Anterior Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy.- Laparoscopic Lateral Transabdominal Adrenalectomy.- Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy.- Laparoscopic Partial Adrenalectomy.- Virtual Reality and Robotic Technologies in Adrenal Surgery.