Quality Assessment of Textiles

1 Fundamentals and Priming.- 1.1 Necessary Equipment.- 1.2 Preliminary Examination of Textile Test Material.- 1.3 Classical Examination Methods.- 1.4 Preparation of Negative Imprints with the Size of Microscope Slides.- 1.5 Preparation of Negative Imprints of Fibers and Yarns on Thermoplastic Films.- 1.6 Imprints of Larger Areas.- 1.7 Microtome Sections.- 2 Chemical Damage.- 2.1 Chemical Damage to Wool.- 2.2 Chemical Damage to Silk.- 2.3 Chemical Damage to Cotton.- 2.4 Chemical Damage to Synthetics.- 3 Mechanical Damage.- 3.1 Mechanical Damage to Wool.- 3.2 Mechanical Damage to Silk.- 3.3 Mechanical Damage to Cotton.- 3.4 Mechanical Damage to Cellulose Regenerated Fibers Graying During Dyeing on the Winch -- Practical Example.- 3.5 Mechanical Damage to Synthetic Fibers.- 4 Thermal and Thermo-Mechanical Damage to Synthetics.- 4.1 Thermal Damage Caused by Direct Heat.- 4.2 Thermal Deformation of Synthetic Fibers Due to Frictional Heat.- 4.3 Thermal Damage to Synthetic Fibers due to Impact.- 4.4 Thermal Deformation of Synthetic Fibers Due to Cutting, Punching and Sewing.- 5 Streaks and Bars in Textile Fabrics Due to Yarn Differences and Technological Reasons.- 5.1 Streaks Due to Variations in the Yarn Volume or Yarn Count.- 5.2 Streaks and Bars Parallel to Threads Due to Yarn Mixture Errors.- 5.3 Streak and Bar Formation Due to Other Yarn-Related Influences.- 5.4 Streaks in Pile Goods.- 6 Causes of the Formation of Tight Threads and Their Effects.- 6.1 Tight Threads in Wool Fabrics Caused by Uneven Yarn Moisture.- 6.2 Tight Picks in a Fabric Made of Viscose-Practical Example.- 6.3 Tight Threads Caused by Different Yarn Twist -- Practical Example.- 7 Defects Caused by Deposits and Encrustations on the Fiber Material.- 7.1 Detection of Oil, Grease, Paraffin or Wax Depositsby Means of Dyeing with Oil-Soluble Dyes.- 7.2 Detection of Oil, Grease, Wax and Paraffin Deposits by Means of Film Imprints.- 7.3 Detection ofPigment Deposits on Imprints.- 7.4 Detection of Film-Forming Products and Film-Like Deposits by Means of Imprints.- 7.3 Detection ofPigment Deposits onImprints.- 7.5 Detection of Deposits in Staining Tests, Yarn Cross-Sections and/or Fabric Cross-Sections.- 8 Other Defects in the Quality of Textiles.- 8.1 Skittery Dyed Wool Yarn -- Practical Example.- 8.2 Uneven Wool Printing -- Practical Example.- 8.3 Small Light Spots Caused by Trapped Air Bubbles During the Dyeing of Wound Packages.- 8.4 Dye Unlevelness in Polyester Knitwear Caused by Water Drops -- Practical Example.- 8.5 Dye Unlevelness Within a Spinning Lot Due to Separation of the Fiber Components -- Practical Example.- 8.6 Darker Specks of Dyed Feather Bed Ticking Due to Non-Decomposed Seed Husks -- Practical Example.- 8.7 Spots Due to Dark-Dyed Fly Fibers -- Practical Example.- 8.8 Red Specks Due to Dyed, Melted and Flat-Rolled Man-Made Fly Fibers on a White Viscose Staple Fabric.- 8.9 Light, Undyed Short Bristly Fibers in a Wool Yarn -- Practical Example.- 8.10 Gray, Dot-Like Stains on Needlefelt Sheets -- Practical Example.- 8.11 Running Marks in a Cotton Tricot Fabric -- Practical Example.- 8.12 Shade Differences in Dress Fabrics Due to Different Hairiness -- Practical Example.- 8.13 Brittle, Dope-Dyed Acrylic Fiber Material on the Carding Machine and Drawing Frames -- Practical Example.- 8.14 Light Specks in a Milled Terry Towelling Fabric Due to Dead Cotton -- Practical Example.- 8.15 Bonded Yarns in a Cotton Cross-Wound Bobbin -- Practical Example.- 8.16 Knitted Goods Sticking Together in Garment Production Due to Hairiness of Cotton Yarn --Practical Example.- 8.17 Cotton Fabrics With Side-to-Center Shading Due to Uneven Squeezing Effects -- Practical Example.- 9 Microbiological Damage to Fibers.- 9.1 Damage Caused by Fungi.- 9.2 Damage Caused by Bacteria.- 10 Poultry Feathers as Filling Material for Bedding and Textiles -- Analysis of Faults.- 10.1 Chemical and morphological structure of poultry feathers.- 10.2 Detection of damage to poultry feathers.- References.- Figures.- Appendix: Technical Equipment, Chemicals, Reagents and Dyes (with new substitutes/suppliers) for Microscopic Damage Analysis.