Physical Methods in Plant Sciences

Laser--Doppler Vibrometer Measurements of Leaves.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 3 Two Simple Models for Vibrating Leaf Tissue.- 4 Experiments and Results with Clamped Leaves.- 5 Experiments and Results with Free Hanging Leaves.- 6 Discussion.- References.- Triplet States in Photosynthesis: Linear Dichroic Optical Difference Spectra via Magnetic Resonance.- 1 Why Triplet States Are of Interest.- 2 Information Obtainable from ODMR Spectroscopy.- 3 Applications of ODMR in Photosynthesis.- 4 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- Laser Physical Methods: Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Historical Survey.- 3 Instrumentation.- 4 Specimen Preparation.- 5 Features of the Instrument.- 6 Experimental Parameters of Different Groups.- 7 Ion Formation Mechanisms and Characteristics of Spectra.- 8 Efficiency of Different Microprobe Methods.- 9 LAMMA Applications, Inorganic Ions.- 10 LAMMA Applications Organic Compound Analysis.- 11 Stable Isotopes as Markers.- References.- Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry.- 1 Introduction to Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry.- 2 Quantification and Stable Isotope Analysis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.- 3 Quantification and Stable Isotope Analysis of Amino Acids.- 4 Analysis of Oligosaccharides.- 5 Analysis of Polypeptides.- 6 Analysis of Glycoproteins.- 7 Nucleotide Analysis.- 8 Structural Characterization of Miscellaneous Secondary Plant Products.- 9 Concluding Remarks.- 10 References.- Microdissection and Biochemical Analysis of Plant Tissues.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Freeze Stop.- 3 Storage of Frozen Tissues.- 4 Freeze-Drying.- 5 Sample Containers.- 6 Storage of Freeze-Dried Material.- 7 Dissection of Tissue.- 8 Determination of Sample Mass.- 9 Biochemical Analysis of Samples.- 10 Example for theComplete Procedure: Determination of Fumarase Activity.- 11 Examples for Application: Intercellular Compartmentation of Physiological and Biochemical Properties in Plant Tissues.- 12 Final Remarks.- References.- Photoacoustic Spectroscopy -- Photoacoustic and Photothermal Effects.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Physics of the Photoacoustic Effect.- 3 Measuring Systems.- 4 Applications in Plant Analysis.- 5 Further Development.- References.- Membrane Operational Impedance Spectra of Plant Cells.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Laplace Transform.- 3 Measuring Techniques.- 4 Data Analysis Technique.- 5 The Concept of Membrane Capacitance.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- Image Instrumentation Methods of Plant Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Image Sensor Selection and Processing System.- 3 TV Spectral Image Instrumentation.- 4 Remote-Control Light Microscope System.- 5 Image Instrumentation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Transients.- 6 Thermal Image Instrumentation.- 7 Computed Tomography.- References.- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Principles -- Application and Physics.- 3 The Specimen.- 4 The Spectrum.- 5 Maps and Line Scans.- 6 Quantitative Analysis.- 7 Alternatives to EDX.- 8 Conclusions.- References.